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GEOGRAPHY
Classes XI & XII (2025-2026)
Subject Code: 029
Academic Session 2025-26
Rationale & Learning Objectives
Geography explores the relationship between people and their environment, including physical and human environments and their interactions at different scales. The course helps students explore, understand and evaluate environmental and social dimensions of the world.
Key Learning Objectives
- Familiarise with key concepts, terminology and core principles of Geography.
- Describe locations and correlate with Geographical Perspectives.
- Analyse interrelationship between physical and human environments.
- Apply geographical knowledge to emerging situations at local, regional, national and global levels.
- Develop geographical skills: collection, processing and analysis of spatial data.
CLASS XI – GEOGRAPHY
Theory: 70 | Practical: 30
📘 Fundamentals of Physical Geography
Unit I: Geography as a Discipline3 Marks
- Geography as a Discipline📖 Key Topics:
- Geography as integrating discipline
- Spatial & Temporal synthesis
- Systematic vs Regional approach
- Branches: Physical, Human, Bio-Geography
Unit II: The Earth9 Marks
- Origin & Evolution of Earth📖 Key Topics:
- Nebular & Big Bang theories
- Evolution of Lithosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere
- Interior of the Earth📖 Key Topics:
- Seismic waves, Earth's structure
- Volcanoes, earthquakes distribution
- Distribution of Oceans & Continents📖 Key Topics:
- Continental Drift Theory
- Seafloor spreading, Plate Tectonics
- Indian Plate movement
Unit III: Landforms6 Marks
- Geomorphic Processes📖 Key Topics:
- Endogenic: Diastrophism, Volcanism
- Exogenic: Weathering, mass movements
- Soil formation
- Landforms & their Evolution📖 Key Topics:
- Running water: valleys, meanders, deltas
- Wind: yardangs, barchans
- Glacial & coastal landforms
Unit IV: Climate8 Marks
- Atmosphere Composition & Structure📖 Key Topics:
- Composition, layers of atmosphere
- Elements of weather & climate
- Solar Radiation, Heat Balance📖 Key Topics:
- Insolation, heat budget, temperature distribution
- Atmospheric Circulation📖 Key Topics:
- Pressure systems, winds, Coriolis force
- Cyclones, air masses, fronts
- Water in Atmosphere & Climate Change📖 Key Topics:
- Humidity, precipitation types
- World climate classification
- Climate change: causes, impacts
Unit V: Water (Oceans)4 Marks
- Water (Oceans)📖 Key Topics:
- Hydrological cycle, ocean floor features
- Temperature & salinity distribution
- Movements of Ocean Water📖 Key Topics:
- Waves, tides, ocean currents
Unit VI: Life on EarthProject
- Biodiversity & Conservation📖 Key Topics:
- Biodiversity types, significance
- In-situ & ex-situ conservation
- Biosphere reserves, national parks
🇮🇳 India: Physical Environment (Theory: 35 Marks)
Unit I: Introduction5 Marks
- India — Location📖 Key Topics:
- Location, latitudinal & longitudinal extent
- Indian Standard Time
- India and neighbours
Unit II: Physiography13 Marks
- Structure & Physiography📖 Key Topics:
- Physiographic divisions: Himalayas, Northern Plains, Peninsular Plateau, Desert, Coastal Plains, Islands
- Drainage System📖 Key Topics:
- Himalayan & Peninsular rivers
- Drainage patterns, river basins
- Water pollution, river linking
Unit III: Climate, Vegetation & Soil12 Marks
- Climate📖 Key Topics:
- Monsoon mechanism, onset & retreat
- Rhythm of seasons, rainfall distribution
- Global warming impacts
- Natural Vegetation📖 Key Topics:
- Forest types & distribution
- Wildlife conservation, biosphere reserves
Unit IV: Natural Hazards & DisastersProject
- Natural Hazards & Disasters📖 Key Topics:
- Floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes
- Tsunami, landslides
- Disaster management in India
Map Work (Class XI): 5 marks – World map: Major oceans, lithospheric plates, Ring of Fire, hot deserts, major seas, ocean currents (warm & cold), ecological hotspots.
CLASS XII – GEOGRAPHY
Theory: 70 | Practical: 30
🌍 Fundamentals of Human Geography (Theory: 35 Marks)
Unit I: Human Geography3 Marks
- Human Geography📖 Key Topics:
- Nature & scope, approaches
- Branches of human geography
Unit II: People8 Marks
- World Population Distribution, Density & Growth📖 Key Topics:
- Patterns, density, growth components
- Demographic transition theory
- Migration: types, causes, consequences
- Human Development📖 Key Topics:
- HDI concept & measurement
- Approaches: income, welfare, capability
Unit III: Human Activities19 Marks
- Primary Activities📖 Key Topics:
- Hunting, pastoralism, agriculture types
- Mining, fishing, agricultural regions
- Secondary Activities📖 Key Topics:
- Manufacturing characteristics
- Industrial location factors
- Tertiary & Quaternary Activities📖 Key Topics:
- Trade, transport, tourism
- Quaternary services, digital divide
Unit IV: Transport, Communication & Trade10 Marks
- Transport & Communication📖 Key Topics:
- Land, water, air transport networks
- Satellite communication, pipelines
- International Trade📖 Key Topics:
- Balance of trade, WTO
- Trade blocs, ports & gateways
🇮🇳 India: People and Economy (Theory: 35 Marks)
Unit I: People5 Marks
- Population Distribution & Composition📖 Key Topics:
- Spatial pattern, growth trends
- Rural-urban, linguistic, religious composition
Unit II: Human Settlements3 Marks
- Human Settlements📖 Key Topics:
- Rural settlement types & patterns
- Urban settlements, urbanization, Smart cities
Unit III: Resources & Development18 Marks
- Land Resources & Agriculture📖 Key Topics:
- Land use, cropping patterns
- Green Revolution, food security
- Major crops & producing states
- Water Resources📖 Key Topics:
- Water availability, irrigation
- Rainwater harvesting, watershed management
- Mineral & Energy Resources📖 Key Topics:
- Mineral distribution: iron ore, bauxite, mica
- Energy: conventional & non-conventional
- Planning & Sustainable Development📖 Key Topics:
- Target area planning: Hill Area, Drought Prone
- Case studies: Bharmaur, Indira Gandhi Canal
Unit IV: Transport, Communication & Trade14 Marks
- Transport & Communication📖 Key Topics:
- Road, rail, water, air networks
- Pipelines, mass communication
- International Trade📖 Key Topics:
- Exports & imports pattern
- Major seaports, international airports
Unit V: Geographical Perspective on Issues5 Marks
- Selected Issues & Problems📖 Key Topics:
- Environmental pollution
- Urban waste disposal
- Rural-urban migration, slums
- Land degradation
Map Work (Class XII): 5+5 marks – World map: Agricultural regions, transcontinental railways, major seaports, canals. India map: Population density, crops producing states, mineral mines, oil refineries, major seaports, international airports.
Question Paper Design (Classes XI & XII)
📖 Remembering & Understanding
Recalling facts, terms, concepts; demonstrating understanding by organizing, interpreting.
41% Weightage⚙️ Application
Applying acquired knowledge, facts, techniques in new situations; using concepts unprompted.
37% Weightage📊 Analysing, Evaluating & Creating
Examining parts, identifying motives, making inferences, synthesizing diverse elements.
22% WeightagePractical Work Guidelines
- Practical File: Handwritten with cover page, index, acknowledgment. Must include all prescribed topics.
- Written Exam: 25 marks – Based on practical syllabus.
- Practical File Assessment: 2-3 marks
- Viva Voce: 2-3 marks – Based on practical syllabus only.
- Class XI Practical Topics: Introduction to Maps, Map Scale, Latitude-Longitude-Time, Map Projections, Topographical Maps, Remote Sensing.
- Class XII Practical Topics: Data Sources & Compilation, Data Processing (Mean, Median, Mode), Graphical Representation (Bar, Pie, Dot, Choropleth, Isopleth), Spatial Information Technology (GIS).
Prescribed Textbooks (NCERT)
- Class XI: Fundamentals of Physical Geography, India Physical Environment, Practical Work in Geography Part I
- Class XII: Fundamentals of Human Geography, India People and Economy, Practical Work in Geography Part II
- NCERT Official: https://ncert.nic.in/
Note: Textbooks available in Hindi medium. Maps as per official Survey of India/Govt. of India guidelines.
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