This chapter explores how the idea of nationalism developed in Europe during the 19th century, leading to major political and social changes. It examines the decline of feudal systems, the influence of the French Revolution, and the spread of liberal and democratic ideas. The chapter discusses key events, movements, and leaders involved in the unification of Italy and Germany, as well as nationalist movements in other parts of Europe. It also highlights how culture, language, and history played a role in shaping national identity and how nationalism sometimes gave way to rivalry and conflict.
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