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PM Modi’s Five-Nation Visit and BRICS Summit
CBSE Relevance:
Class 10 Social Science (Civics/Geography): International cooperation, India’s foreign policy
Class 11 Political Science/Geography: Global South, multilateralism
Class 12 Political Science/Economics: Foreign relations, regional and global organisations
Purpose of Visit
Strengthen ties within the Global South (group of developing nations)
Attend the BRICS Summit (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Conduct bilateral meetings (one-on-one meetings between two countries)
India’s Role in BRICS
India is a founding member of BRICS
Supports a balanced multipolar world (world with many centers of power, not dominated by one or two countries)
Promotes a peaceful, equitable, just, democratic global order
Countries PM Will Visit
Ghana (first stop)
Trinidad and Tobago
Argentina
Namibia
Brazil
Trip ends on July 9
Visit to Ghana
Arrival & Welcome
Received by Ghanaian President John Dramani Mahama
Landed at Kotoka International Airport, Accra
Bilateral Talks
Focus areas:
Investment
Energy
Health
Capacity Building (enhancing skills and institutions)
Development Partnership (supporting mutual growth and projects)
Parliament Address
PM Modi to address the Parliament of Ghana
State Honour
Awarded Ghana’s highest honour: Companion of the Order of the Star of Ghana
Past recipients include:
Jacques Chirac (France)
King Mohammed VI (Morocco)
Lula da Silva (Brazil)
Olusegun Obasanjo (Nigeria)
Sam Nujoma (Namibia)
Vaccine Collaboration
Ghana aims to become Africa’s vaccine hub
India to explore cooperation in vaccine production
Ghana’s Global Role
Key member of:
African Union (AU) – Union of African nations
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) – Regional political and economic union
Recognized as a valued partner in the Global South
Vocabulary:
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| BRICS | Group of five emerging economies |
| Global South | Developing countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America |
| Bilateral | Meeting between two nations |
| Multipolar World | World with many global powers, not one or two dominating |
| Parliament | Law-making body of a country |
| Capacity Building | Improving skills, institutions, and systems |
| Development Partnership | Cooperation for economic and social progress |
| Vaccine Hub | Main center for vaccine production/distribution |
| African Union (AU) | Organization of African countries for unity and development |
| ECOWAS | Economic and political group of West African countries |
| Companion of the Order... | Highest national award/honour in Ghana |
Custodial Violence Case in Theni
CBSE Relevance:
Class 10 (Civics): Fundamental Rights, Rule of Law, Police Accountability
Class 11 (Political Science): Protection of citizens, RTI Act, Role of state
Class 12 (Legal Studies/Political Science): Human rights, Custodial violence, Legal mechanisms
Incident Details
Location: Devadanappati Police Station, Theni District, Tamil Nadu
Date of Incident: January 14 (Footage shared later online)
Victim: Ramesh, an autorickshaw driver
Action: Beaten by police while in custody
Video Evidence
CCTV footage showed Ramesh being beaten inside the police station
Ramesh seen holding police officer’s legs and pleading for mercy
Police claim: He was inebriated (drunk) and causing public nuisance
He was detained briefly and later released on station bail
Action Against Police
Five police personnel transferred to Armed Reserve Unit:
Inspector Abdullah
Special Sub-Inspector (SSI) Sivasubbu
Police Constable Pandi
Grade I Police: Marichamy and Valirajan
Role of Advocate and RTI
Advocate Pandiarajan visited the station with a client in January
Witnessed the incident
Filed RTI (Right to Information) Act application
Received CCTV footage based on RTI request
🔍 Inquiry Underway
Inquiry led by: Additional Deputy Superintendent of Police (ADSP) Gerald Alexander
⚖️ Related Incident
Comes after public anger over Ajith Kumar, a temple security guard
Died in custody after being illegally detained and beaten by police in Sivaganga
Vocabulary:
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Custodial Violence | Physical abuse of a person while in police custody |
| CCTV | Closed-Circuit Television (security video system) |
| Inebriated | Drunk; under the influence of alcohol |
| Public Nuisance | Disruptive or dangerous behaviour in public |
| Station Bail | Temporary release from police custody from the station itself |
| RTI Act | Right to Information Act – allows citizens to access govt info |
| Armed Reserve Unit | Special police unit where officers are reassigned temporarily |
| ADSP | Additional Deputy Superintendent of Police |
| SSI | Special Sub-Inspector – police rank below Inspector |
| Fundamental Rights | Basic rights guaranteed by the Constitution of India |
Custodial Deaths in Tamil Nadu and India: Zero Convictions
Case in Focus: Ajith Kumar (2024)
Victim: Ajith Kumar, a security guard
Incident: Died in police custody in Sivaganga, Tamil Nadu
Court Observation: "Even a murderer would not have caused this much injury." – Madurai Bench of Madras High Court
Legal Action: Five constables arrested
Pattern of Custodial Deaths in Tamil Nadu
Ajith Kumar’s death is not an isolated case
Past incidents include:
Ambasamudram Custodial Torture (2023)
Sathankulam Father-Son Deaths (2020)
Consistent pattern:
Many deaths reported
Few arrests made
Zero convictions across years
National and State-Level Data (2016–2022)
Overall Figures
India: 11,656 deaths in police/judicial custody
Tamil Nadu: Highest in South India
Uttar Pradesh: Highest in the country – 2,630 deaths
Tamil Nadu Specifics
490 deaths between 2016–17 and 2021–22 (till March 31, 2022)
No Police Convictions (2017–2022)
Nationwide:
345 magisterial/judicial inquiries ordered
123 police personnel arrested
79 police personnel chargesheeted
Zero convictions
Human Rights Violation Cases:
74 cases filed (illegal detention, torture, deaths)
41 chargesheeted
Only 3 convictions
Key Concern:
Extremely low accountability
Few arrests, fewer chargesheets, almost no convictions
Caste-Based Disparity in Custodial Abuse
Scheduled Castes (SCs) bear disproportionate custodial abuse in Tamil Nadu
SCs in custody (2022): 38.5%
SC population share in Tamil Nadu: 20%
Preventive detention disproportionately affects SCs
Preventive Detention in Tamil Nadu
High number of detenues
Tamil Nadu had 2,129 detenues as on December 31, 2022
Nearly half of all detenues in India
SCs overrepresented in these detentions
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