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Title: Common Goals – India’s Engagement with the Global South
Relevance for CBSE Classes 10, 11, and 12
Class 10 (Political Science and Geography):
Understanding India's role in world affairs
Introduction to terms like Global South, diplomacy, and international cooperation
Class 11 (Political Science and Geography):
Deeper insight into India's foreign policy, regional groupings, and cooperation with developing nations
Class 12 (Political Science, Geography, and Economics):
Concepts of South-South cooperation, changing global order, and India’s strategic and economic interests
Full Forms
BRICS – Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
IBSA – India, Brazil, South Africa
CDRI – Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure
MoU – Memorandum of Understanding
NAM – Non-Aligned Movement
Key Points
Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited three countries:
Ghana (Africa)
Trinidad and Tobago (Caribbean)
Argentina (South America)
These visits occurred before the BRICS Summit in Brazil.
Objectives of the Visits
Improve bilateral (two-country) cooperation in key sectors:
Pharmaceuticals and vaccines
Digital technology
Food security
Critical minerals and energy
Country-wise Highlights
Ghana:
India-Ghana relationship upgraded to a comprehensive partnership
Plans discussed for making Ghana a vaccine hub for West Africa
Trinidad and Tobago:
A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed on Indian pharmacopeia
Aim: Increase access to quality, low-cost generic medicines from India
Argentina:
Discussions on using Argentina's reserves of critical minerals, shale gas, and oil
Promotion of Indian pharmaceutical products
India’s Larger Strategy
Strengthen ties with Global South (developing countries)
Build alternatives to Western-dominated global systems (Global North)
Promote low-cost, sustainable solutions from India
Extend support through initiatives like CDRI
Role of Indian Diaspora
Modi addressed the Indian community in Trinidad and Tobago
Highlighted historical connections:
Arrival of Indian indentured labour in 1845
Indian ancestry of Trinidad’s President Christine Carla Kangaloo and former Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar
Described the 35 million-strong Indian diaspora as a source of national pride
Historical and Political Context
All five countries (including Brazil and Namibia) share a history of colonial rule
Many were involved in the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
India and Brazil helped establish BRICS and IBSA to support Global South interests
Common Vision
These countries are not anti-Western
Differences may exist on specific international issues (like Ukraine or Gaza)
However, the focus is on creating a new global order that is:
More equal
More representative
Responsive to the needs of developing and underdeveloped nations
Key Vocabulary with Meanings
Bilateral – Involving two countries
Pharmacopeia – Official list or book of medicines
Diaspora – People of a country living outside it
Global South – Developing or underdeveloped countries
Global North – Developed countries
Critical minerals – Rare minerals important for industries and technology
Shale gas – Natural gas found trapped in shale rock
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) – A formal agreement between two or more parties
Vaccine hub – A center for manufacturing and distributing vaccines
South-South cooperation – Cooperation among developing countries for mutual benefit
Comprehensive partnership – A wide-ranging and deep agreement between two
countriesRepresentative – Reflecting the interests of all, not just a few powerful countries
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) – A group of countries not aligned with any major power bloc during the Cold War
Title: The New Battle Challenge of China-Pakistan Collusion
Relevance for CBSE Classes
Class 10
Political Science: India's relations with neighbours
Geography: Borders, military geography
Class 11
Political Science: India's foreign policy, military strategy
Geography: Strategic and defence locations
Class 12
Political Science: International Relations, India's strategic concerns
Geography: Geopolitical issues and national security
Economics: Defence spending and strategic investments
History: Background of India’s wars and alliances
Full Forms Used
ISR – Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance
NSA – National Security Adviser
UNSC – United Nations Security Council
AEW&C – Airborne Early Warning and Control
ISPR – Inter-Services Public Relations (Pakistan Army)
PL-15 – Chinese Air-to-Air Missile
J-10C / J-35 – Chinese Fighter Aircraft
HQ-9 / HQ-19 – Chinese Missile Defence Systems
KJ-500 – Chinese AEW&C Aircraft
BeiDou – China’s Satellite Navigation System
ISR – Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance
NSA – National Security Adviser
UNSC – United Nations Security Council
AEW&C – Airborne Early Warning and Control
ISPR – Inter-Services Public Relations (Pakistan Army)
PL-15 – Chinese Air-to-Air Missile
J-10C / J-35 – Chinese Fighter Aircraft
HQ-9 / HQ-19 – Chinese Missile Defence Systems
KJ-500 – Chinese AEW&C Aircraft
BeiDou – China’s Satellite Navigation System
1. Confirmation of Collusion
Lt. Gen. Rahul R. Singh confirmed China’s direct military support to Pakistan during Operation Sindoor (May 7–10).
China’s role went beyond past support; it gave real-time help.
Türkiye also gave limited military help.
Lt. Gen. Rahul R. Singh confirmed China’s direct military support to Pakistan during Operation Sindoor (May 7–10).
China’s role went beyond past support; it gave real-time help.
Türkiye also gave limited military help.
2. Past vs. Present
In earlier India-Pakistan wars (1965, 1971, 1999), China stayed in the background.
In 2024, China gave advanced weapons, intelligence, and tactical support.
3. Diplomatic Signals
China delayed condemning the Pahalgam terrorist attack (April 22).
Chinese statements copied Pakistan’s line and avoided blaming terror groups.
China worked with Pakistan to weaken the UNSC press statement.
India did not contact China politically after the attacks, showing distrust.
4. Media and Propaganda Support
Chinese state media spread Pakistan’s views.
False claims about Indian aircraft losses were promoted.
Social media joined Pakistan’s propaganda and psychological warfare.
Reports tried to show India’s military action as too aggressive.
Chinese experts warned about the crisis becoming nuclear to press for talks.
5. Military Coordination and Systems Used
Pakistan used Chinese J-10C fighter jets with PL-15 missiles and HQ-9 air defence systems.
These were practiced in earlier Shaheen military exercises with China.
Chinese drones, cyber systems, and ISR tools helped Pakistan in combat.
Even Chinese fishing fleets helped track Indian Navy movements.
China's BeiDou satellite system guided missiles.
Pakistan combined Swedish AEW&C planes with Chinese systems to down Indian aircraft.
6. Shift from Two-Front War to One-Front Reinforced War
Instead of fighting China and Pakistan separately, now India faces a combined threat.
China supports Pakistan without fighting directly.
India has to be ready on both fronts — Pakistan and China borders.
7. Effects of Operation Sindoor
China used this operation as a real war test for its weapons.
China gained combat data to improve and promote its arms industry.
China-Pakistan want to set a new normal of joint battlefield action.
8. Strategic Changes for India
India must change its policy towards China — collusion must have consequences.
India must:
Upgrade weapons
Improve network-based warfare
Use drones and surveillance
Defence spending has dropped from 17.1% (2014–15) to 13% (2025–26) — this must be increased.
India must not respond in predictable military ways, to avoid being trapped.
India could explore non-military options, like:
Withdrawing from Indus Waters Treaty
Using quiet pressure tactics
9. Final Message
China-Pakistan battlefield coordination is now real, not theoretical.
India must modernise its forces, update its strategy, and maintain deterrence.
Vocabulary:
Collusion – Secret or illegal cooperation, usually to harm someone
ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance) – Gathering information about enemy activities
NSA (National Security Adviser) – The top security adviser to the Indian government
UNSC (United Nations Security Council) – UN body responsible for global peace and security
Propaganda – Information used to influence public opinion, often false or biased
Psychological Warfare – Using media and messaging to weaken enemy morale
Tactical Integration – Combining different military tools to work together in battle
Interoperability – Ability of military systems from different countries to work together
Net-centric warfare – Using technology and communication networks to fight wars
Grey-zone tactics – Actions that are aggressive but stop short of full war
Deterrence – The act of preventing conflict by showing strong defence
Punitive Strike – A military attack meant to punish the enemy
Ceasefire – Agreement to stop fighting
- Red lines – Boundaries or limits that should not be crossed in conflict
- Abrogation – The act of formally ending an agreement or law
Collusion – Secret or illegal cooperation, usually to harm someone
ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance) – Gathering information about enemy activities
NSA (National Security Adviser) – The top security adviser to the Indian government
UNSC (United Nations Security Council) – UN body responsible for global peace and security
Propaganda – Information used to influence public opinion, often false or biased
Psychological Warfare – Using media and messaging to weaken enemy morale
Tactical Integration – Combining different military tools to work together in battle
Interoperability – Ability of military systems from different countries to work together
Net-centric warfare – Using technology and communication networks to fight wars
Grey-zone tactics – Actions that are aggressive but stop short of full war
Deterrence – The act of preventing conflict by showing strong defence
Punitive Strike – A military attack meant to punish the enemy
Ceasefire – Agreement to stop fighting
Title: India’s Diplomacy is Measured, Not Mute
Relevance for CBSE Syllabus
Class 10
Political Science: Role of India in global peace, diplomacy during conflicts
Geography: Importance of West Asia and its instability
Economics: Importance of trade, investment, and national interest
Class 11
Political Science: India's foreign policy, diplomacy, and international cooperation
Geography: Geopolitical locations and conflict-prone regions
Economics: Economic interests in international relations
Class 12
Political Science: Strategic autonomy, conflict response, international alignments
History: Contemporary world issues, wars and diplomacy
Economics: Role of national interest in foreign investment and trade
Geography: Conflict zones, global peace, nuclear risk
Class 10
Political Science: Role of India in global peace, diplomacy during conflicts
Geography: Importance of West Asia and its instability
Economics: Importance of trade, investment, and national interest
Class 11
Political Science: India's foreign policy, diplomacy, and international cooperation
Geography: Geopolitical locations and conflict-prone regions
Economics: Economic interests in international relations
Class 12
Political Science: Strategic autonomy, conflict response, international alignments
History: Contemporary world issues, wars and diplomacy
Economics: Role of national interest in foreign investment and trade
Geography: Conflict zones, global peace, nuclear risk
Full Forms
UNGA – United Nations General Assembly
IMF – International Monetary Fund
NPT – Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
UNGA – United Nations General Assembly
IMF – International Monetary Fund
NPT – Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
India’s Response to the Israel-Iran Conflict
On June 13, Israel attacked targets in Iran while continuing its war against Hamas.
The conflict lasted 12 days.
India responded cautiously by calling for restraint and de-escalation.
PM Modi showed concern for humanitarian losses and repeated that this is not an era of war.
India provided humanitarian aid, supported a ceasefire in Gaza at UNGA, and evacuated Indian citizens under Operation Sindhu.
On June 13, Israel attacked targets in Iran while continuing its war against Hamas.
The conflict lasted 12 days.
India responded cautiously by calling for restraint and de-escalation.
PM Modi showed concern for humanitarian losses and repeated that this is not an era of war.
India provided humanitarian aid, supported a ceasefire in Gaza at UNGA, and evacuated Indian citizens under Operation Sindhu.
India’s Diplomatic Strength
India has strategic interests in West Asia:
Defence ties with Israel
Energy and trade ties with Iran
A large Indian diaspora in Gulf countries
PM Modi improved ties with Arab nations, making them important investors and trade partners.
As the 4th largest global economy, India focuses on economic interest in its diplomacy.
India avoids interfering in wars that don’t involve its direct interest.
India has strategic interests in West Asia:
Defence ties with Israel
Energy and trade ties with Iran
A large Indian diaspora in Gulf countries
PM Modi improved ties with Arab nations, making them important investors and trade partners.
As the 4th largest global economy, India focuses on economic interest in its diplomacy.
India avoids interfering in wars that don’t involve its direct interest.
India's Strategic Autonomy
India’s strategic silence shows strength. It speaks and acts when necessary.
India maintains independent foreign policy that balances relations with all sides.
India upholds its values, national interests, and growth while engaging globally.
India’s strategic silence shows strength. It speaks and acts when necessary.
India maintains independent foreign policy that balances relations with all sides.
India upholds its values, national interests, and growth while engaging globally.
Global Hypocrisy in Terror and Conflict
After Pakistan-led terror attacks in Pahalgam, India launched Operation Sindoor.
Many Western countries and international bodies have supported Pakistan despite its link to terrorism.
These countries want access to ports and airbases in Pakistan to help in conflicts with Iran and China.
Pakistan receives IMF loans, advanced military equipment, and international recognition despite lacking democracy.
Western nations who promote democracy support Pakistan’s military regime for their benefit.
Some Arab countries support Pakistan due to religious ties, despite their growing trade with India.
After Pakistan-led terror attacks in Pahalgam, India launched Operation Sindoor.
Many Western countries and international bodies have supported Pakistan despite its link to terrorism.
These countries want access to ports and airbases in Pakistan to help in conflicts with Iran and China.
Pakistan receives IMF loans, advanced military equipment, and international recognition despite lacking democracy.
Western nations who promote democracy support Pakistan’s military regime for their benefit.
Some Arab countries support Pakistan due to religious ties, despite their growing trade with India.
India’s Foreign Policy Outlook
India includes multiple factors in foreign policy:
Security
Economic growth
Strategic balance
Cultural and national values
West Asia remains politically unstable with ongoing wars and non-state armed groups.
Nuclear weapons in the region could cause serious escalation and civilian harm.
The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) is already under stress.
A nuclearised West Asia may encourage regions like Africa and South America to pursue nuclear weapons.
India supports arms control, de-escalation, and regional cooperation to keep peace.
India includes multiple factors in foreign policy:
Security
Economic growth
Strategic balance
Cultural and national values
West Asia remains politically unstable with ongoing wars and non-state armed groups.
Nuclear weapons in the region could cause serious escalation and civilian harm.
The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) is already under stress.
A nuclearised West Asia may encourage regions like Africa and South America to pursue nuclear weapons.
India supports arms control, de-escalation, and regional cooperation to keep peace.
Dangers of Selective Outrage
Many opinions are emotion-driven but poorly informed.
Some ignore Iran’s role in regional instability or Hamas’s October 7, 2023 attack on Israel.
Hamas uses civilian areas as shields, complicating the situation.
Uninformed public pressure can harm India’s diplomacy and economic progress.
India does not take sides publicly under pressure but maintains strategic clarity.
Many opinions are emotion-driven but poorly informed.
Some ignore Iran’s role in regional instability or Hamas’s October 7, 2023 attack on Israel.
Hamas uses civilian areas as shields, complicating the situation.
Uninformed public pressure can harm India’s diplomacy and economic progress.
India does not take sides publicly under pressure but maintains strategic clarity.
Final Position
India practices strategic autonomy, meaning:
It stays neutral in outside conflicts
Protects its national interest
Engages with all sides if needed
This reflects India’s confidence, values, and independence in global diplomacy.
India practices strategic autonomy, meaning:
It stays neutral in outside conflicts
Protects its national interest
Engages with all sides if needed
This reflects India’s confidence, values, and independence in global diplomacy.
Vocabulary with Meanings
Diplomacy – Managing international relations through negotiation
Restraint – Controlling one’s actions to avoid conflict
De-escalation – Reducing tension or stopping conflict
Strategic silence – Choosing not to speak to strengthen your position
Diaspora – People from a country living abroad
Selective outrage – Anger shown only in certain cases, often unfair
Non-state actors – Armed groups not controlled by governments
Nuclearised – Armed with nuclear weapons
Autonomy – Ability to make independent decisions
Humanitarian aid – Help given to save lives during crises
Geopolitical – Related to global politics and geography
Intervene – To get involved in another country’s conflict
Overhaul – To improve or change something completely
Multilateral bodies – International organisations made of many countries
Destabilise – To make a region or government unstable
Conflict zone – Area where active fighting is happening
Diplomacy – Managing international relations through negotiation
Restraint – Controlling one’s actions to avoid conflict
De-escalation – Reducing tension or stopping conflict
Strategic silence – Choosing not to speak to strengthen your position
Diaspora – People from a country living abroad
Selective outrage – Anger shown only in certain cases, often unfair
Non-state actors – Armed groups not controlled by governments
Nuclearised – Armed with nuclear weapons
Autonomy – Ability to make independent decisions
Humanitarian aid – Help given to save lives during crises
Geopolitical – Related to global politics and geography
Intervene – To get involved in another country’s conflict
Overhaul – To improve or change something completely
Multilateral bodies – International organisations made of many countries
Destabilise – To make a region or government unstable
Conflict zone – Area where active fighting is happening
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